Gorbachev's perestroika policy in

Pretroika born because the faster development of the world, especially in the field of tehknologi and economics, which is no longer able to be followed by a social system of political autocracy and economic centralization of the Soviet Union. For nearly 70 years of autocracy sentralisasidaan pattern runs in the Soviet Union so as to make the Soviet Union lagged by at compare other capitalist countries. The advantages of the Soviet Union only in the military and national defense and aerospace tehknologi, but walkin in the field in direct contact with people's lives, such as socio-economic and political. As a result, the Soviet Union experienced a prolonged economic crisis.


Given the circumstances are such that the Soviet Union, the Gorbachev reforms in the spirit of issuing policies to change the old system, known as prestroika, Glasnost and Demokrtisasi. Prestroika aims to develop a new model of socialism which replaces the old economic models sisitem imposed by Stalin, known as the economic model of Stalin. Stalin's economic model as a command economic system and not rely on market forces as the deciding factor. As a result of Stalin's economic model raises the incidence of poverty among workers and keidakadian because in practice the use of force, seized the entire production of farmers without compensation.
There are 5 basic principles Prestroika, among others:
a). Foreclosure centralized system aimed at rationalization
Gorbachev believes that the role and dominance of the State in the agricultural sector should be reduced in this case is penggnaan Gosplan by way of structural changes and new apart fill the bureau of planning Economies (Gosplan), Ministry of foreign trade, Finance, Petroleum, perkebangan and industry.
b). Increased agricultural production by means of mechanisms and expansion
to cope with crop failure in 1984, the Gorbachev using kobinasi mechanism accompanied by perluaan land. Some fertile areas in the former Soviet region as Abasha district in Georgia and in the area of 1300 hectares Andigon District opened to agriculture.
c). Increasing labor productivity

on 16 Noodle, 1985, Gorbachev issued a decree ordering the massive unemployment the number of places allowed to sell alcoholic beverages. Authoring-liquor beverages during working hours, while sales in the shortening and increased the age limit above 21 years old are allowed to purchase and consume alcoholic beverages. Gorbachev's efforts to obtain the support of industry managers are aware of the consequences of alcoholism that affect work productivity. Because alcoholism until the citizen class workers.
d). Tehknologi infrastructure repair industry
namely through the application of new management and with sistaem modernization then legalized in the central committee plenary in June 1987 include:

• Granting freedom in processing companies to implement the calculation of production costs and income, as well as payroll system in accordance with the work and the dynamics of labor relations.
• Changing economic siste centralized and decentralized.
• Pricing, costs and credit seta tenologi usage and quality measures ditenjtukan by a sort of free-market mechanisms.
• Replace the centralized command system to menajeman democratic system, creating a mechanism that reinforces individual potesi.

Increased production, industrial growth rate and quality of consumer goods.

This work is done by creating a new organizational structure that is capable of covering the use of science and discovery tehknologi more directly in the production process to achieve international quality standards. And the use of science and technology invention is directed to the areas that are directly related to the needs of industry and society that peranian. In addition, Gorbachev also raise the salaries of scientists concerned and raise investment funds budget untukperkembangan civilian science and technology sector.

Economic reforms conducted by Gorbachev
Sector Industry of the Soviet Union has characteristics, namely: Leih centered on the target outcome or Val, inefficient or saving on raw materials, everything from and to peerintah in other words using state budget. The manager is trying to meet the targets of the gross profit, they do not think about the cost of production because of all the good ditanggungpemerintah mauoun profit and loss. Conditions such as these cause the workers are not compelled to work maximal and kreati or innovative, and not compelled to conserve raw materials. In fact, innovation tehkologi not occur because of changes tehknologi it does not happen because the system command. Innovator-innovators are not rewarded for innovation are hampering the achievement of Val (target gross) and they do not like to peletiha-pelaaatiahan human and machine-mesin.Sebelumnya replacement, the company can only produce primarily to the target plan with raw materials distributed to the tujan. In this reofrmasi industry company has the right to earn a profit, buy and sell raw materials dala wholesale price and make a contract with the potential buyer. So perussahaan-Soviet company will operate with the basic contract demand is determined not to meet the target gross (Val) in the case of the Soviet Union era sebelumnya.Pemerintah more concerned with military industries and sectors angkas outside so that the pad is very advanced Soviet Union to be able to compete with the United States .
Agricultural sector
Gorbchev had a suggestion untu rent fields to farm families for a period of 50 years. The rental system can increase the flexibility of options such as the type of crop, thus allowing family farmers to cope with the market demand better than when menajeman collective farms mentukan what should be produced by the farmer. So that farmers only pay the rent, and can memuuskan in production and investment alone.
Cooperatives Sector Cooperative Act was passed providing the type of market environment for channeling resources into activities koprasi. Equipment, labor services and the purchase of a bank-financed business premises if necessary and collectively owned. This sector can apply force to the economic reforms kerja.Tantangan one of which comes from one of the workers who are at risk of losing jobs and are generally determined by the people who are not biased to enjoy improvements in their living standards.


Success Rate of Economic Reform
When conducted by Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev announced prestroika in July 1987, he described it as a radical overhaul of economic management. That recipe soviet welfare of the people who have decades stranded under the dictatorship of the proletariat. Besides Gorbachev calls for acceleration, namely an overhaul must go hand in hand with economic growth so that there is no reason to sacrifice the welfare of the people for personal or group interests.
In order reshuffle not run recklessly, Gorbachev established a committee of economic overhaul led by Leonid I Albakin. This institution is responsible jawb on launching and monitoring every development and implementation prestroika.

But unfortunately somewhat reality does not match the dream, because it turns out the people of the Soviet people suffer even more. This is evident from the dilakuakan revenue collection by the National Public Opinion Research Center (PROPN) in November 1989, as many as 52% of respondents chose the Soviet economic situation worsened for 2 or 3 years prestroika running. According to 86% of respondents rate the supali food and consumer goods increasingly scarce. While in The Washington Post, a Swedish judge that the economy of the Soviet ekonimi tend to deteriorate.
There are many things that cause prestroika hampered, among others:

a) At least supply of food and fuel
b) The high harag consumer goods and not affordable by the people who earn only about US $ 300
c) The existence of organized crime and the shadow economy (black market)
d) The lack becusan officials, corruption rampant
e) There will be a coup carried out by groups that do not like Gorbachev.

But do not blame Gorbachev of the Soviet people, they blame the government bureaucracy that impede the course of economic development.
To overcome obstacles and improve the economy, Gorbachev remove the price control system and introducing free market system. However, it resulted in the prices of goods soared so soon reinstated price control system. It shows that Gorbachev difficulties to cope with the economic situation in the Soviet Union. It can be said prestroika running slow and not in accordance with planned. This is because Russian society can not accept reforms, still attached to the old bureaucratic and old habits would be a totalitarian system that for years delete the Soviet people should be subject to the political system. The workers are familiar with the nature of egalitarianism and suspicious of reforms designed and officials prefer centralism.