Is Finding True Columbus the Americas?

Many nations acknowledge Columbus first stepped on the continent.
Christopher Columbus became famous as the man who opened the American continent. In 1492 he sailed from Spain to the West Indies. But Columbus's voyage was not a trip for the first time carried out by the Americans. It is probable that before he set foot on land in the west, the Chinese, the Vikings, Ireland, and even the Phenicia have visited the beaches before. Thus arises the question, who exactly had discovered America. Investigations with carbon system found that at least twelve thousand years ago people lived in the Americas already. Now people believe that "outsiders" who first reached the continent is the Mongoloid (like the Mongols; has the characteristics of the Mongols, including the Mongolian race) from eastern Russia. They crossed into Alaska around forty thousand years ago, through a piece of the Bering Strait land bridge, which had long since ceased to exist. They then walked along the Pacific coast into the Central and South America.

A strange discovery, which puts human life in the Americas parallel to the mammoth ever found on the continent; occurred at a farm in Tepexpan, twenty miles north-east of Mexico City in 1950. Farmers Jose Cortes was digging a trench for a water channel when his shovel on something hard. When the land was set aside where he found the carcass of a mammoth that has become fossilized. When fossil was examined by experts paleontology Mexico, was found in a cavity in the ribs end weapons. It appears that the animal had been trapped into the mud and making a helpless prey to a group of hunters armed with spears and stone tools.
Simple tools made of stone and animal bones that may have come from the same culture, people have found in Siberia, Alaska, the Yukon River and Mexico. Thereby further strengthens the theory that people have been scattered into the Americas from Asia.

A question that the Chinese have discovered America in the year 458, was given not long ago by a professor at Peking University Shien Chu-chi. He said, a Buddhist monk, Hoen Shin, once sailed across the North Pacific ocean with four other monks and landed a spot on the coast of Central America, possibly in Mexico. Hoen Shin Fusang country's call, following the name of the mirib plants with plants in the country of China.

Austrian ethnology expert Robert von Heine Geldern step further. He assured the Chinese influence on the development of civilization in America about two hundred years BC. Indeed, the results of sculptures and statues in the ruins of the cities in America was the same as that used in Buddhism. China's oldest manuscript Shan Hai King from year 2250 BC contains a depiction of the canyon now well known as the Grand Canyon.

The possibility of crossing the Pacific Ocean to the even earlier than 2000 BC indicated by the discovery of pottery on the beach Valdivia Ecuador dating from 3000 BC. Pottery items that must have come from Japan, because decorated in the same way as the Jomon pottery area in the country.

Regarding next to the Atlantic coast is said that the monks of Ireland have visited North America around the sixth century. A Latin manuscript of the tenth century Navigatio Sancti Brendani recounts the journey of a character named St. Brendan. In the year 540 St. Brendan together a group of fourteen other monks embarked on a journey to find "the land that had been promised by the holy man". The manuscript contains a lot of the things that are very surprising and thought pious, so for many years considered as a collection of stories. He said, Brendan in his journey has been aided by a whale and led from time to time by the angels who appeared as a bird. But modern scientists found that the trip did happen, though perhaps not all of them led by Brendan.

According to the script Naviatio, Brendan who is an experienced sailor and navigator, is thought to have sailed to "yaaang country has promised to the saints" of Kerry; in a wood framed boat, but covered with the skin of the bull and greased with butter so opaque water. This group is rather to take the direction of the North and then met with a floating crystals. This may mean that they have met with huge icebergs and has sailed around Greenland and into the Davis strait known for floating ice. They passed through a thick foggy area, which is probably the scorched-footed Newfoundland, where the heat flow of the Gulf Stream currents meet with the north pole. This group met with whales and "big-eyed beast, has fangs, belly patches and bearded jaw". Could it be that this meant a mermaid? Before they reached the land of the sun radiates heat like in the spring. The meaning of this last one is Labrador.

Then Brendan and his companions landed on a flat island yagn tropical climate. The island is full of strange herbs, surrounded by water so clear and inhabited by birds are very beautiful and tiny people whose skin is dark. Brendan might have sailed south on the east side of North America without seeing land and arrive at an island in the Bahamas. People dwarf called Brendan probably the Arawak people, which is a native of the Bahamas islands.

Brendan and his group went on his way and find another country, which is full of charm, beautiful like a flower and full of blessing, which is now estimated is Florida area.
The whole story was hard to believe, because of the new written after the event through the centuries. Perhaps the story has a lot of plus-add. But the old story about the heroic people of ancient Scandinavian acknowledge that the Irish people have arrived in the US before.

Trip Vikings (bold Scandinavian pirates raiding coastal towns and ports European rivers between 700 and 900) to North America is now a fact of history that is not in doubt. The ancient Scandinavians traveling through Iceland and Greenland under the leadership of Leif Ericson, and reached the coast of North America in the year 1000. The story of the perilous journey across the sea to the land, the tale is told in ancient Scandinavia. Written in Iceland between 1320 and 1350. People pay less attention to this epic tale, until the time these stories are checked back in 1837. It turns out that the depiction of climate, geography and life in accordance with the original Vinland is located on the coast of New England in America East section. Recent discovery, found eight houses made of stone from the foundation, four houseboats, an iron workshop, holes and equipment for cooking at L'Anse aux Meadows. According to the method of age determination of carbon, are all derived from the Viking era. A strong reason to believe the story of Leif Ericson because most likely he founded the settlement on arrival in North America. These findings, according to Dr. Helge Ingstad of Norway who helped in the effort, said: "This fact has given the first Archaeological evidence of undeniable that the Europeans had come to America centuries before Columbus's voyage in 1492." But there is disagreement whether those the Vikings had been entered into the mainland or confine himself only to perjelajahan coastal areas only.
In 1898 a farmer whose land clearing in Kensington, Minnesota found a use within staggering. When he dug root of the tree, he found a sheet of square stone two and a half feet high and six inches thick. An article consisting of two hundred and twenty letters engraved on the surface and on one side. Allegedly writing was associated with a group that consists of thirty people of Norway and the Goths who are traveling to find something on the ground to the west of Vinland in 1862. In the article it is told about the carnage. In the event that ten members of the group were killed. Many experts have rejected as a hoax goods made in the nineteenth century. Others say it is genuine goods, and if the goods were counterfeit, the forgers must have exceptional knowledge in the fields of history, geology, and the dialect of ancient Scandinavia.

Viking Ship

Some scholars expressed the opinion that in Rwode Island Newport Tower is a building that established the Vikings. The tower round shape and height of twenty-four feet, he is a former church. Other people disagree and say that the building was the work of the Europeans who settled in America in the sixteenth century and seventeenth.
"Vinland Map" is a map of the world which he made by a Swiss monk in 1440, but this statement has been the subject of heated debate for years. Maps obtained Yale University in 1965, it clearly illustrates the location of Vinland in North America. Experts on both sides of the Atlantic have determined the age of the maps with the carbon system and claimed it for the genuine article. But lately some ink from American analysts who study the elements of the map that stated their belief that the map is a fake objects made in the twentieth century.

Meanwhile, a collection of stone megaliths in New Hampshire Telam cause of thought among archaeologists Americans lately; whether it came from the UK, or at least from the Celts. Retuntuhan it is located in a place, which is precisely called Miystery Hill or hill mister; consists of 22 stone cottages, walls, hallways and something that appears as a table to direct sound. Iron stone blocks of local origin giant upright because it is too heavy or stacked horizontally. Beam that one always seems a little more prominent than the others (corbelled Vaulating).

Thousands of man-made items from various periods of time and culture have been found at the site, including a number of inscribed stone. Its language is the language of Ogham, the ancient language of the Irish and Picts (those who in ancient times lived in the northern part of Great Britain). Dr Barry Fell and Harvard University have studied the stones for years and determine the stones came from circa 800 BC to the third century AD.

British historian, Ashe, visited the site in 1960 and said that it might have come from the days when Cronus (a character in Greek mythology, he is the master of the universe, until he was deposed by his son, Zeus). According to Homer, Cronus banished to the land where the sun never sets, which is located in the northwest of the Mediterranean Sea. In the Odyssey, written by Homer, Odysseus (the hero of the story written by Homer, Odyssey, he was a famous king of Ithaca wise and ingenious) sailed to the limits of the world away to the land of Commerian, an area filled with fog and darkness, which some interpreted as Newfoundland.

In an investigation conducted by the serious yagn fiction, Andre Norton, he argued that the results of his reflections Mystery Hill is perhaps the township people Phoenicia and Carthago (Phoenicia is a kingdom in the Mediterranean Sea in the east and Tunisia in North Africa is located near the city of Tunis that now. Carthago is one of the colony founded by people of Phoenicia).

In 335 BC, Aristotle in his list which contains 178 miracle, miracle number 84 calls as a country across the ocean by people Phoenicia strictly kept secret in the interest of trade. People Phoenicia without a doubt is the best sailors in the world in ancient times. They had been sailing around Africa and established trade networks that include places located far from each other, such as Africa, India, Cyprus, and Spain. Based on interpretations of texts of Plato and Diodorus, they also trade with America about the year 1000 BC.

Myths and Archaeological findings Pyramid

Giant pyramids of Egypt is one of the seven wonders of the world today, has always been regarded as mysterious and majestic buildings by people. However, even though many years have passed, after the scholars and researchers using large number of tools are accurate and sophisticated, is still unknown, who actually has made a giant building high and majestic it? And derived from human intelligence is unimaginable performance in the building?

And what is its purpose to make the building? And in that time it has usability how or what it means? Puzzles that keep spinning in the minds of all people for thousands of years, from beginning to end is a mystery that can not be explained.

Although historians say it was founded in 2000 more SM, but this opinion can not even explain the concerns that are initiated by a large number of research findings.

Since the 6th century BC, Egypt was a runaway government Posh, who lost his seat after standing for more than 2,000 years, receives power from outside the kingdom of Greece, Rome, the Islamic government and the power of other nations.

While the large number of famous works of ancient days destroyed, character and religious beliefs of the Egyptians themselves were gradually replaced by other cultures, so that the ancient Egyptian culture to be receding and destroyed, later generations also lost a large number of relics that can decipher clues left by the predecessor.

In 450 BC, after a Greek historian around and fall in Egypt, whose writings: Cheops (Khufu Greek characters), he said, were destroyed after 50 years. Within certain limits the Greek historian is using the phrase "supposedly said", meaning that the truth needs to be shown again. However, since it is the opinion of the Greek historian even be quoted later generations as important evidence that the pyramid was built in the 4th dynasty.

During this time, historians assume that the pyramid is the tomb of the king. Thus, so talk about the pyramid, which in the minds of the unnoticed is jewelry and items that glitters. And, in the year 820 AD, when the governor-general of Islamic Cairo Caliph Al-Ma'mun led the team, was first dug a secret passageway and into the pyramid, and when the patient does not get into the room, the view looks even make it extremely disappointed.

Not only is no one thing that is usually buried with the corpse, like a pearl, and sculpture, even a piece of pottery fragments were not there, there was only an empty stone coffin that there is no cap. While the wall was only the empty net field, nor is there the slightest inscriptions.

Conclusion historians on performance first entered this pyramid is "experiencing robbery objects in the tomb". However, research results clearly indicate, the possibility of grave robbers get into the pyramid through the other road is very small. Under normal conditions, it is also not possible grave robbers can steal without leaving a trace, and more is no longer possible to delete the entire inscription Pharaoh depicted on the wall.

Compared with other tombs were generally filled jewelry treasures abound, a giant pyramid built to commemorate the greatness of Pharaoh be very different.

Moreover, in the note "Inventory Stela" stored in the Cairo museum, alluded that the pyramid has been there since the beginning before Khufu continue throne. However, because of the record on the hard stone inscriptions challenging the traditional view, there is a problem between research experts and ways of writing the book, taken together, strongly criticized the research.

Actually, within the limitations of historical record that can be obtained, if for a particular view and then set aside some historical evidence, has unwittingly hinder our objective in view of the position of actual history.

The Outstanding Building Techniques

In Egypt, there are so many pyramids of various sizes, the default is not only much smaller, its structure is too coarse. Among the pyramids were built in the reign of the 5th and 6th, many of which have been damaged or destroyed, become a heap of ruins, such as the pyramid of King Menkaure as shown.

Then, the great pyramids were built at an earlier time, in a powerful earthquake in the 13th century, where some stone walled outer side was destroyed, but due in part supported by the walls of the buffer, so that all the structures remain very strong.

Therefore, when building a giant pyramid, not just simply organize 3 million miles into a cone shape, if there are flaws in the design of this special construction, partially damaged, it can lead to entirely collapse because the weight is supported.

Anyway, how is the project of building a giant pyramid was done, remains a topic that makes dizziness scholars. In addition to considering the large number of stone and the energy required, the most important factor is the high point of the pyramid should be in the field of basic right above the midpoint of the 4 corners.

Because if all 4 corners sideways and slightly distorted, then when closing the cusp may not converge at one point, this means building project failed. Therefore, is a very important point, how to put a number of 2.3 million -2.6 million pieces of large stone that every stone weighs 2.5 tons from ground level to a height of more than one hundred meters in space and installed from beginning to end on right position.

As the author Graham Hancock in his essay "Fingerprint of God": In place staggered, on the one hand must balance the body, and the other side must move one at a stone weighing at least 2-fold into a small car above, transported to the right place, and leads right into place, whatever you have in mind workers carrier stones.

Although modern science has been estimated in various ways and allow the energy to build, but if they are considered real conditions, we find that these people must have the ability or physical strength superhuman, can only solve this gigantic project and ensure the accuracy and precision accuracy.

Against this, Jean Francois Champollion who gets the title as the "Father of Modern Knowledge of Ancient Egypt" estimates that the person who set up the pyramid unlike humans now, at least not in the "thinking they have a high body 100 feet tall like giants". He argued, in terms of making a pyramid, it is the result of the work of giants.

Similarly, Master Li Hongzhi in his lecture at the 2002 North American perimeter also never mentioned that possibility. "Man can not understand how the pyramids were built. Stone is so great how people transported?

Some of the giants whose height is five meters deliver something, it is with humans now move a large rock is the same. To build the pyramid, five meters tall man just like we are now building a large building. "

Thought so inevitably makes us imagine, that giant pyramid and a large number of giant ancient stone buildings that are found in various parts of the world have the same doubt bring to everyone: large and majestic high, formed by using a very large stone structure, even drafting very perfect.

Like for example, in the northern suburbs of Mexico there Sacsahuaman Castle compiled with giant stones weighing more than 100 tons, of which there is a giant rock that reaches 28 feet, estimated to weigh up to 360 tons (equivalent to 500 family cars).

And on the plains of southwestern England there are giant rock formation, surrounded by dozens of giant rocks and formed a large circle, in between some rocks reach 6 feet in height. Actually, that is how a group of men were they? Why always use the stone giant, and not using stone size in the range of our ability to build?

Sphinx, lion-faced man who is also an important object of research scientists, 20 meters high, 73 meters in overall length, is considered established by the government of Pharaoh Khafre the 4th. However, with the former being eaten by rust (erosion) on the surface of the body of the Sphinx, scientists estimate that the time of manufacture may be earlier, at least 10 thousand years ago before Christ.

A scholar John Washeth also argues: That giant pyramids and the Sphinx nearby neighbors with building the kingdom of the other 4 completely different, it was built during the more ancient than the government 4th time. In his book "Snakes Space", John Washeth forward: the development of Egyptian culture may not come from the Nile basin, but comes from a culture that earlier and more intense than the ancient Egyptians thousands of years ancient, cultural heritage bequeathed by our unknown .

This, in addition to building technologically reasons outlined earlier, and those found on the Sphinx severely affected has also proved this point.

Walle Rubich mathematician in "The Holy Science" shows: in 11,000 BC, the Egyptians must have had a great culture. At that time the Sphinx was there, because the lion-faced human body, in addition to the head, obviously there are former erosion. Estimates are in a terrible flood in 11,000 BC and heavy rain that alternates causing erosion scars.

Other estimates of erosion on the Sphinx is rain and wind. Washeth rule out the possibility of rain water, because during the past 9,000 years in highland peninsula, rain water is not always enough, and must trace back to a new year 10000 BC there were such bad weather.

Washeth also mengesam-pingkan possibility of erosion by wind, because other limestone building on the 4th time the government even did not experience the same erosion. Elephant-shaped writing and inscriptions left by the time of the ancient kingdom was no piece of rock that suffered severe erosion as happened in the Sphinx.

Boston University professor and expert in terms of rock erosion Robert S. also agree with the view Washeth also showed that: The Sphinx suffered erosion, there are some parts that depth reaches 2 meters, so that meander if viewed from the outside corner, like a wave, obviously an ex after a gust of wind and great for thousands of years.

Washeth and Robert S. also shows: Technology of the ancient Egyptians may not be able to carve out such a massive scale on a giant rock, art products technically complicated.

If the observed overall, we can logically conclude, that in ancient times, in the land of Egypt, there was once a highly developed culture, but because of the shifting plates of the earth's land submerged rocks in the ocean, and a very ancient culture at that time eventually eliminated, leaving the pyramids and Sphinx with a perfect building technology.

In the long term on the ocean floor, a giant pyramid and Sphinx suffered water immersion and erosion in a long time, is the direct cause which resulted in severe erosion on the Sphinx.

Because building materials giant pyramid peninsula is the result of human technology that does not know now, the ability to withstand water erosion far beyond natural stone, while the Sphinx was carved with whole natural stone, this may be the real cause of the giant pyramids eroded by sea water which is not visible from the surface.

Caption: Sphinx close neighbor of the giant pyramid seems to be very ancient. Scientists confirm that from the body, such as irrigation channels and water eroded, he had experienced some damp weather, therefore estimates that it is extremely likely to have been before 10 thousand years ago.

Gorbachev's perestroika policy in

Pretroika born because the faster development of the world, especially in the field of tehknologi and economics, which is no longer able to be followed by a social system of political autocracy and economic centralization of the Soviet Union. For nearly 70 years of autocracy sentralisasidaan pattern runs in the Soviet Union so as to make the Soviet Union lagged by at compare other capitalist countries. The advantages of the Soviet Union only in the military and national defense and aerospace tehknologi, but walkin in the field in direct contact with people's lives, such as socio-economic and political. As a result, the Soviet Union experienced a prolonged economic crisis.


Given the circumstances are such that the Soviet Union, the Gorbachev reforms in the spirit of issuing policies to change the old system, known as prestroika, Glasnost and Demokrtisasi. Prestroika aims to develop a new model of socialism which replaces the old economic models sisitem imposed by Stalin, known as the economic model of Stalin. Stalin's economic model as a command economic system and not rely on market forces as the deciding factor. As a result of Stalin's economic model raises the incidence of poverty among workers and keidakadian because in practice the use of force, seized the entire production of farmers without compensation.
There are 5 basic principles Prestroika, among others:
a). Foreclosure centralized system aimed at rationalization
Gorbachev believes that the role and dominance of the State in the agricultural sector should be reduced in this case is penggnaan Gosplan by way of structural changes and new apart fill the bureau of planning Economies (Gosplan), Ministry of foreign trade, Finance, Petroleum, perkebangan and industry.
b). Increased agricultural production by means of mechanisms and expansion
to cope with crop failure in 1984, the Gorbachev using kobinasi mechanism accompanied by perluaan land. Some fertile areas in the former Soviet region as Abasha district in Georgia and in the area of 1300 hectares Andigon District opened to agriculture.
c). Increasing labor productivity

on 16 Noodle, 1985, Gorbachev issued a decree ordering the massive unemployment the number of places allowed to sell alcoholic beverages. Authoring-liquor beverages during working hours, while sales in the shortening and increased the age limit above 21 years old are allowed to purchase and consume alcoholic beverages. Gorbachev's efforts to obtain the support of industry managers are aware of the consequences of alcoholism that affect work productivity. Because alcoholism until the citizen class workers.
d). Tehknologi infrastructure repair industry
namely through the application of new management and with sistaem modernization then legalized in the central committee plenary in June 1987 include:

• Granting freedom in processing companies to implement the calculation of production costs and income, as well as payroll system in accordance with the work and the dynamics of labor relations.
• Changing economic siste centralized and decentralized.
• Pricing, costs and credit seta tenologi usage and quality measures ditenjtukan by a sort of free-market mechanisms.
• Replace the centralized command system to menajeman democratic system, creating a mechanism that reinforces individual potesi.

Increased production, industrial growth rate and quality of consumer goods.

This work is done by creating a new organizational structure that is capable of covering the use of science and discovery tehknologi more directly in the production process to achieve international quality standards. And the use of science and technology invention is directed to the areas that are directly related to the needs of industry and society that peranian. In addition, Gorbachev also raise the salaries of scientists concerned and raise investment funds budget untukperkembangan civilian science and technology sector.

Economic reforms conducted by Gorbachev
Sector Industry of the Soviet Union has characteristics, namely: Leih centered on the target outcome or Val, inefficient or saving on raw materials, everything from and to peerintah in other words using state budget. The manager is trying to meet the targets of the gross profit, they do not think about the cost of production because of all the good ditanggungpemerintah mauoun profit and loss. Conditions such as these cause the workers are not compelled to work maximal and kreati or innovative, and not compelled to conserve raw materials. In fact, innovation tehkologi not occur because of changes tehknologi it does not happen because the system command. Innovator-innovators are not rewarded for innovation are hampering the achievement of Val (target gross) and they do not like to peletiha-pelaaatiahan human and machine-mesin.Sebelumnya replacement, the company can only produce primarily to the target plan with raw materials distributed to the tujan. In this reofrmasi industry company has the right to earn a profit, buy and sell raw materials dala wholesale price and make a contract with the potential buyer. So perussahaan-Soviet company will operate with the basic contract demand is determined not to meet the target gross (Val) in the case of the Soviet Union era sebelumnya.Pemerintah more concerned with military industries and sectors angkas outside so that the pad is very advanced Soviet Union to be able to compete with the United States .
Agricultural sector
Gorbchev had a suggestion untu rent fields to farm families for a period of 50 years. The rental system can increase the flexibility of options such as the type of crop, thus allowing family farmers to cope with the market demand better than when menajeman collective farms mentukan what should be produced by the farmer. So that farmers only pay the rent, and can memuuskan in production and investment alone.
Cooperatives Sector Cooperative Act was passed providing the type of market environment for channeling resources into activities koprasi. Equipment, labor services and the purchase of a bank-financed business premises if necessary and collectively owned. This sector can apply force to the economic reforms kerja.Tantangan one of which comes from one of the workers who are at risk of losing jobs and are generally determined by the people who are not biased to enjoy improvements in their living standards.


Success Rate of Economic Reform
When conducted by Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev announced prestroika in July 1987, he described it as a radical overhaul of economic management. That recipe soviet welfare of the people who have decades stranded under the dictatorship of the proletariat. Besides Gorbachev calls for acceleration, namely an overhaul must go hand in hand with economic growth so that there is no reason to sacrifice the welfare of the people for personal or group interests.
In order reshuffle not run recklessly, Gorbachev established a committee of economic overhaul led by Leonid I Albakin. This institution is responsible jawb on launching and monitoring every development and implementation prestroika.

But unfortunately somewhat reality does not match the dream, because it turns out the people of the Soviet people suffer even more. This is evident from the dilakuakan revenue collection by the National Public Opinion Research Center (PROPN) in November 1989, as many as 52% of respondents chose the Soviet economic situation worsened for 2 or 3 years prestroika running. According to 86% of respondents rate the supali food and consumer goods increasingly scarce. While in The Washington Post, a Swedish judge that the economy of the Soviet ekonimi tend to deteriorate.
There are many things that cause prestroika hampered, among others:

a) At least supply of food and fuel
b) The high harag consumer goods and not affordable by the people who earn only about US $ 300
c) The existence of organized crime and the shadow economy (black market)
d) The lack becusan officials, corruption rampant
e) There will be a coup carried out by groups that do not like Gorbachev.

But do not blame Gorbachev of the Soviet people, they blame the government bureaucracy that impede the course of economic development.
To overcome obstacles and improve the economy, Gorbachev remove the price control system and introducing free market system. However, it resulted in the prices of goods soared so soon reinstated price control system. It shows that Gorbachev difficulties to cope with the economic situation in the Soviet Union. It can be said prestroika running slow and not in accordance with planned. This is because Russian society can not accept reforms, still attached to the old bureaucratic and old habits would be a totalitarian system that for years delete the Soviet people should be subject to the political system. The workers are familiar with the nature of egalitarianism and suspicious of reforms designed and officials prefer centralism.

HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI HISTORY

Since 1945 there is chaos the world with the war. Among them is the Pacific war that caused many casualties among the Americans and the Japanese, the Americans were victims of about 899,000 inhabitants and the Japanese side as much as 1,100,000 inhabitants. In America at that time a change which originally held by President FD Roosevelt was replaced by S. Thurman. President Roosevelt was replaced because he died of a brain hemorrhage.

Battle of Okinawa is because Japan attacked the US Navy around the territorial waters of Japan. Battle casualty of the Americans themselves as much as 79,000 inhabitants, Japan as much as 131,000 civilian lives and as many as 150,000 lives. As a result of the Okinawa war, Americans create weapons of mass destruction, namely three Uranium bombs. But the new president of the United States, namely S. Thurman still hesitant to give authorization to use the powerful weapon by reason of fear of violating the Geneva agreements. The president opinion contrary to the opinion of American military officials who agreed with the use of the bomb, the reason may terminate perrang which has lasted a very long time.

On May 19, 1945 Germany was defeated by the Americans in Europe, with this victory makes the United States seeks to intimidate Japan to immediately surrender unconditionally. It does not get a response from the Japanese side to make America upset and launch an attack against Japan continuously. One is the destruction of Tokyo, the destruction seen by Emperor Hirohito. The number of casualties and damage caused by the American attack made him want war ends soon.

In the US, the government collects the Scientist and Senior Officials state to discuss whether the bomb should be used or not. Finally, the use of weapons of mass destruction is enacted with the purpose of attacking military installations and residential areas of Japan. Once approved a new question arises "Where is the location of the bomb to be dropped?" And the city of Hiroshima was chosen because the city is considered important by the Japanese city.

American scientists are making three bomb, codenamed "Manhattan Project" on proposals Mayjend. Manhattan. Before being used to destroy the Japanese, the bomb tested and the result was more devastating and unexpected. With the results of these trials Russia tried to persuade Japan to make peace with the Americans. But the Japanese are not willing to make peace with the Americans, the Japanese statement made Americans more seriously to prepare an attack against Japan.

On August 6, 1945 weapons of mass destruction is dropped on the city of Hiroshima, and make the city fall apart. The success is regarded by the Americans as the end of the war. Having trouble Hiroshima, Russia stole the opportunity to attack the Japanese-controlled Manchuria and the attack managed to fall into the hands of Russian Manchuria. Peghancuran city of Hiroshima by the Americans did not make Japan surrender. Finally, the Americans dropped the weapons of mass destruction to Japan's final, this time dropped on the city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.

In the second bombing does not make Japan surrender officials, especially General Anamy. They want to continue to fight the Americans on the grounds it is the last bomb owned by Americans. But the reason it was rejected by the General of the emperor, the emperor had his own reasons. Emperor fear of falling victim more banyal longer than the civilians. Japan finally surrendered to the Allies. Feels like a failure and could not give a victory for Japan, General Anamy rather die with honor than to be a prisoner of the enemy. Finally, General Anamy commit suicide Japanese tradition that Haragiri.

Mystery Secret Area 51

Is a research center where scientists conduct research activities which are equipped with various facilities and supporting devices needed to achieve the goals and objectives of a study. In general, each country developed or are developing very interested to have a research center.

Advances in science and technology in a country, is also determined by the results of the research developed by the countries concerned. As Research Center for Science and Technology (Puspitek) Serpong, is a research center owned Indonesia. In this area there is a lot of research facilities in the shadow of government institutions, such as dredging, Nuclear Energy Agency, BPPT, EIGHT, which continue to research and develop science and technology with the goal of peace.

Among the many research centers world-renowned internationally, is Area 51, is the development and testing facilities, highly classified military (top secret), which is operated by the United States Air Force. Area 51 is located in the area of training and testing Nevada. Location Area 51 is located in Lincoln Country is 115.5 km north of Las Vegas with a wide range of 103 square kilometers.

Area 51 was established in 1955, which was originally intended to test the development of spy plane USA Series U-2's newly created. U-2 aircraft can fly up to an altitude of 70,000 feet. During the U-2 operations were freely fly over the territory of the Soviet Union until the end of the U-2 was shot down in 1960.

Finally the U-2 was painted in black on the 1960s. As for deceptive appearance as if the unknown celestial body, usually called UFO (Unidentified Flying Unditified), several U-2 painted with a shiny silver color.

Since then Area 51 continues to grow and is used for various development projects called Project Black (Black Project) consisting of a series Blackbird aircraft, series and series Stealth Fighter Stealth county. Blackbird series is a continuation of a series of U-2 program started in 1962 with type A-12 and SR-71. For example, type SR-71 has reached a cruising speed of 3500 km / h with an effective height of 4830 km cruise.

Stealth Fighter series is the first stealth fighter aircraft designed in the late 1970s. This aircraft is operating very well at night. Very well known type is the F-117 Nighthawk. Stealth Series Stealth or an idea to set free from the radar. This aircraft cruising speed range 1040 km / h at a good height as far as 2110 km. Its operational performance has been demonstrated in the Gulf War and still assigned to implement the targets that have been cooked.

Stealth county series is a continuation of a series of stealth aircraft Stealth Fighter has been developed extensively. Series of stealth aircraft known this is the type of Black Manta and B2. Cruising faster and more elusive radar of the Stealth Fighter series. Even so, the attack strategy is still dependent on information from the target.

Currently ditujukkan future project to develop anti radar technology (Stealth Technology), unmanned surveillance aircraft (UAVs or unmanned aerial vehicles) and aircraft (UCAVs, unmanned combat aerial vehicles), allows to browse at high speed on a range of highly higher known as "AURORA".

Because of these aircraft unmanned, the aircraft is believed to be driven at a speed which is very powerful,. In other words, that people really can make a celestial body that is unknown. Along with it came another idea of developing the spacecraft X-33 technology has not been tested. However, the X-33 space plane was believed to be a version of Aurora that is WHITE (for the sake of peace).

Along with cutting-edge research aircraft, also obtained data on the presence of celestial beings toward Earth, which is better known as Alien. Finally we come to the question of how likely the existence of aliens in the universe. For that matter, Area 51 has been involved in the investigation of alien technology.

Based on that issue and was widely believed by many experts, that the Area 51 team has discovered and investigated in secret UFO debris found in Roswell, New Mexico State, USA, 1947.

Although there is no clear evidence, some outside experts have suspected that Area 51 scientists claimed to have and maintain an Alien creature in a very secret place. The claim is reinforced by the recognition of a physicist Bob Lazar, in 1989 that he was working at one research site located in the southern regions of Area 51 and Area 51 claims that have been testing aircraft extraordinary sophistication and also have to communicate with aliens. Area 51 Alien presence has made a big conspiracy theory is the result of collecting data from the wreckage of the aircraft that crashed in Roswell Alien and recognition of Bob Lazar has been involved in these activities, such as meetings or contacts with the situation in space by using adequate equipment, the development of highly energy weapons high and activities widely throughout the world.

Based on the outstanding issues of this conspiracy theory do in Groom Lake, which is located in the vicinity of Area 51. However, so far there is still no scientific explanation simplicity in explaining the existence of a real Alien. Efforts are made to collect data and report a UFO photo amateur shots.

History of Berlin Wall

Walls of the most famous in the world is a concrete barrier wall constructed by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) that separates West Berlin and East Berlin and East Germany other areas so as to make an enclave of West Berlin. The Berlin Wall finally collapsed celebrated annually on 9 November in accordance with the current destruction of November 9, 1989.
Berlin wall is also considered as the main icon of the cold war. In addition to the "iron curtain" that form the border between western and eastern Germany. Reason east German government to build the Berlin Wall is to prevent the spread of Nazism understand eastern Germany, which is considered still exist. Berlin wall can be traced to its origin since Joseph Stalin blockaded the western berlin. And west responded with a massive airlift.

Stalin had long sought to expel all the elements of blocks west of Berlin, but failed miserably with The Great Airlift to berlin west. Because berlin west remain in the hands of blocks west, many residents fled to the east berlin berlin west to avoid the communist government. Then east German leader at the time, Walther Ulbricht ordered the blockade to berlin west to prevent the exodus of east berlin. Recorded 3.5 million residents fled to berlin germany east west until 1961, when the Berlin Wall was built.

Initially the Berlin Wall is only a barbed wire fence, a small wall which is made from the composition of the rocks adobe and wood obstacles. East German government also closed the border with western Germany and build the border fence north-south dr end German. Massive exodus that makes Walther Ulbricht to build the Berlin Wall and the wall of the state border.



Walls of the most famous in the world is a concrete barrier wall constructed by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) that separates West Berlin and East Berlin and East Germany other areas so as to make an enclave of West Berlin. The Berlin Wall finally collapsed celebrated annually on 9 November in accordance with the current destruction of November 9, 1989.

Berlin wall is also considered as the main icon of the cold war. In addition to the "iron curtain" that form the border between western and eastern Germany. Reason east German government to build the Berlin Wall is to prevent the spread of Nazism understand eastern Germany, which is considered still exist. Berlin wall can be traced to its origin since Joseph Stalin blockaded the western berlin. And west responded with a massive airlift.

Stalin had long sought to expel all the elements of blocks west of Berlin, but failed miserably with The Great Airlift to berlin west. Because berlin west remain in the hands of blocks west, many residents fled to the east berlin berlin west to avoid the communist government. Then east German leader at the time, Walther Ulbricht ordered the blockade to berlin west to prevent the exodus of east berlin. Recorded 3.5 million residents fled to berlin germany east west until 1961, when the Berlin Wall was built.

Initially the Berlin Wall is only a barbed wire fence, a small wall which is made from the composition of the rocks adobe and wood obstacles. East German government also closed the border with western Germany and build the border fence north-south dr end German. Massive exodus that makes Walther Ulbricht to build the Berlin Wall and the wall of the state border.

In 1961 the Berlin Wall

In 1961 there was a crisis in berlin. Tanks Soviet and American tanks faced at Checkpoint Charlie, the cannon dlm viewing position. Comments berlin one resident at a time "when there are idle turn on firecrackers wrote, we are toast" was so tense situation at the time. Then, the American and Soviet talks to resolve the crisis. In fact this is the game Ulbricht to reap the benefits. East German dictator then strengthen the berlin wall, set a trap for vehicles, nail boards to prevent the escape jump.

Many attempts were made citizens desperate to cross to the east berlin west. Even the stakes are life threatening. There was a build underground tunnels, makes hot air balloon, even using light aircraft. There is also early days when the Berlin Wall was still in the form of barbed wire, a lot of people desperate to jump the fence wire has 2 layers tersebut.Tembok berlin wall. Between the two walls there is a "no man's land" area where the fugitive was shot dead on the spot. "No man's land" comes minefield, automatic machine gun nests, guard dog alert, alarm fitted to wire reply. Carrying more than 200 people were killed in no man's land berlin wall, mostly because they were shot dead east German border guards.

Broadly speaking, the berlin wall in the form of barbed wire, barbed wire which modernized, concrete walls, no man's land, and the second wall. Which became iconic is the fourth tier wall, which was built in 1975 by Erich Honecker, east German dictator successor Ulbricht. Erich Honecker optimistic, berlin wall will stand up to 100 years. Honecker even made a program called "Wall 2000". "Wall 2000" is a program of digitizing system of the state border and the border of the Berlin Wall which aims to reduce the manpower and costs. "Wall 2000" will be equipped with various sensors and detectors, smart minefield, to spray chemicals to stop the run. Guaranteed there will be no escapees who will try to penetrate the walls of the Berlin Wall and German state border west-east.

The core of the system "wall 2000" is a variety of sensors such as heat sensors, motion sensors detect even the voice sensor breakout For who hide. And No Man's land is maintained, deliberately coated sand to detect footprints of the breakout with ease. Actually, the guards were instructed to pretend guns knows that he saw footprints in no man's land. New shoot later. "Wall 2000" null built following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the dissolution of the eastern German and tore down the Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989, when the peaceful revolution throughout Germany began to burst.

Initially, neighboring countries open borders, so that hundreds of thousands of east Germans fled to countries such as Hungary and austria. Following the German government's decision which states that every citizen east east germany can freely travel anywhere. Stupidly at a press conference, the government said the government's decision comes into force immediately. This is a fatal error. As a result, hundreds of thousands of citizens stormed the east berlin Checkpoint Charlie and broke into the west berlin. Erich Honecker desperate lowered its police force to dispel the citizens who tried to escape.

Prior to the construction of this wall, there are approximately 3.5 million East Germans who migrated and defected to the West, one of them by passing the border of East Germany and West Germany, and then they can go to other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1969, this wall also prevents it. In the span of about 30 years, there are about 5,000 people who tried to escape, with no estimate of 100 to 200 people who died from being shot.

In 1989, there were radical political changes in the Eastern Bloc, which is related to the liberalization of the system of authority in the Eastern Bloc, and also began to decrease the influence of the Soviet Union in countries such as Poland and Hungary. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced November 9, 1989 that the people of East Germany should go to West Germany and West Berlin. Thus, crowds of East Germans were crossed and climb the wall, followed by West Germans on the other hand to celebrate the atmosphere of freedom. A few weeks later, euphoric public and souvenir hunters finally cracked parts of the wall. Later, most of the wall was destroyed by the government using heavy equipment. The Fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way formation of the German reunification, October 3, 1990.



After allowing a gap for the residents to cross the border in the summer, Hungary finally effectively eliminate the physical barrier country with Austria on 19 August 1989. In September, more than 13,000 East Germans fled to Austria via Hungary. This led to several series of subsequent events. The Hungarian prevent a growing number of East Germans who crossed the border, and return them to Budapest.

East German People's meets West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany. East German government responded by closing all the way to Hungary, but still allow those who want to return to East Germany. On this occasion, the East German authorities to allow them to go, as long as they use the train must pass through East Germany. Then came the massive demonstrations in East Germany itself. East German leader Erich Honecker, resigned on October 18, 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz a few days later. Honecker had predicted that the walls were still will last until 50 or 100 years from now, if the condition of the country has not changed.

Protest demonstrations broke out across East Germany in September 1989. At first, the protesters wanted to go westward, chanting "Wir wollen raus!" ("We want to go!"). But then the protesters began shouting "Wir bleiben hier" ("We will stay here!"). So, this is the beginning of what is called the East Germans as "Peaceful Revolution" at the end of 1989. The protesters increasingly large in early November. The protesters peaked on November 4, when nearly half a million people gathered at Alexanderplatz demonstration.

Meanwhile, the refugees who left East Germany to West Germany is increasing, and they found a new way to get out of East Germany, which is the way through Hungary via Czechoslovakia (or via the West German Embassy in Prague) are allowed by the new Krenz government, and with the approval of the Czechoslovak communist government. So that the state is not more complicated, finally politburo led by Krenz allow refugees to exit directly through the border between East Germany and West Germany, including West Berlin on November 9, 1989.

Date when the walls were chipped is 9 November 1989, but then the wall is not directly destroyed immediately. In the afternoon, and a few weeks later, people came carrying a sledgehammer and the like to destroy some walls and also create some holes unofficial border. These people are referred to as "Mauerspechte" (wall woodpeckers).

Back East German regime announced that it will open 10 new border crossings, including at several historic sites such as Potsdamer Platz, Glienicker Brücke, and Bernauer Straße. The masses of the two sides waited for hours, cheering when the bulldozers destroy this wall. The door opened a new frontier continued throughout 1990, including the Brandenburg Gate dated December 22, 1989.

Residents of West Germany and West Berlin East Germany allowed entry without a visa from 23 December 1989. Until that date, they are only allowed to enter with a variety of requirements and are required to make an application for a visa. In addition, they were required to pay a minimum of 25 DM per day. So, in fact on November 9 and 23 December, the East German population is more free than West Germany.

Coverage on television about the many people who destroyed the walls of November 9, makes a lot of people abroad think that this wall will be destroyed as soon as possible. Actually, this wall is maintained until a few days later, although the intensity of the smaller guard. In the first month, the East German military even tried to fix the back wall that was destroyed by the "trigger wall". Then, over time, this action was stopped, and the guards more tolerant to the action of the destruction of the walls and goings of residents through the wall of the hole. Dated January 13, 1990, this wall was destroyed by the official East German military, starting at Bernauer Straße. The destruction of this wall back forward after German reunification until finally completed in November 1991.

Only a few parts of the walls and towers were maintained, as a memorial. The fall of the Berlin Wall was the beginning of the reunification of Germany, which was signed on October 3, 1990. The collapse of the Berlin Wall This illustrates that the power of the merging of man in this world is unmatched strength as pharmaceutics resistance encountered.

Source: "www.anehdidunia.com"tiezwarmad.blogspot.com"  

HISTORY bombing of Pearl HARBOUR

With the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese, brought America to the World War II in the Pacific region. The bombing was carried out on 8 December 1941 when the Japanese navy attacked the American naval base suddenly in Hawaii. The impact of this attack damaged and sinking approximately 20 combat ships, 188 aircraft damaged and 2,403 fatalities. The part of the Japanese only lost 55 fighter planes from the 441 plane used.
On 26 November 1941 force of six carriers governed by vice admiral Chaichi Naguma. Japan left the Gulf Hitokappu in the Kuril Islands and meuju Pearl Habour without a direct radio link. On December 7, 1941, the force aircraft bombed all US military bases in the Hawaiian Islands. Almost all US aircraft destroyed on the ground, only a few fighters managed to escape and fight. 12 warships and other vessels sunk or damaged, 188 aircraft destroyed, 155 had been damaged and 2,403 Americans lost their lives. SS Arizona battleship exploded and sank causing 1,100 people lost their lives.

The first American shot released during World War II and the first victims of the attack on Pearl Habor actually occurred when USS Ward attacked and undermined dwarf Japanese submarine. Japanese carrier involved in the attack were: Akagi, Hiryu, Kaga, Shokaku, Shoryu, Zuikoku everything has a number of 441 aircraft, including fighters, torpedo-bombers, bombers and fighter-bombers divers. Of all 29 perished in battle. Airplanes attacked in two waves and Nagumo decided to cancel the third attack to retreat.
The strategy used Japanese forces sailed to Pearl Harbor without notice until the last moment. The purpose attack Pearl Habour is crippling the US Navy in the Pacific, although for a while. Japan has been engaged in battle with China for several years and had seized Manchuria several years earlier. The design for the attack on Pearl Harbor to further bolster the army kelanjuta Startlingly jaanuari Padda, 1941, and training for the mission took place in mid-year when the project is considered feasible.
The majority of Japanese design for this attack include deciding talks with the Americans before the attack. Ambassador of the Embassy of Japan in Washington, including the special representative Kurusu Saburu have held further talks with the state department of Japan reacts to the movement of Indo-China in the summer.
The attack on Pearl Harbor to a strategic disaster for Japan. One goal is to destroy three Japanese kaapal American aircraft placed in the Pacific, but not when the attack occurred Enterprise on the way home, Lexington has been sailing out a few days earlier, and saratoga located in San Diego after a modifier-adjustment at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard .
President FD Roosevelt signed the declaration of war against Japan the next day after the attack. The most important possibilities, attack Peearl Haarbor act as a catalyst that drives a country to act immediately that could not be done by any other case. In one night, he unites the entire US with the aim to fight and win the war with Japan, and the possibility of pushing the unconditional surrender position is emphasized by the allies.
On December 8, 1941 Congress of the United States declared war on Japan. Government of the United States to continue the deployment of troops and began to turn to the war economy. Technical issues is why Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941 a moment after the Japanese attack. Hitler did not need to do so under the terms of the block shaft, but still do it. It certainly doubling anger the American population and justify America to provide aid to Great Britain. Although it managed to sink American aircraft carrier, does not help Japan in the long run. Because of the attack made America fully engaged in World War II to, encourage defeat shaft block sedunia.saat heard that the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour finally has involved the Americans in World War II.

History Origin of Science Hypnosis

History Origins of Science Hipnotis- "One, two, three, and you will fall asleep. "It's one of the mantras that we often hear in reality related to hypnosis. Buddy in this article we will discuss about History Origins of Science Hypnosis. Let's read on ...
  
Science actual Hypnosis has been used since ancient times, especially in the practice of religious rituals and healing. Thus hypnosis course already found before recorded history of this hispnotis, which is now known as a hypnotic hypnotic yet.

In the Ebers Papyrus historical records, it is said that the ancient Egyptians became the oldest nations that use hypnosis for healing. Precisely in the year 1552 BC, hypnosis is used as a method of healing. Told that there was a temple called "Sleeping Temple, where the pastor treat patients just by putting his hands on the head of patients while providing healing suggestions. The pastor is believed to have magical powers that can cure the sick.

It turns out that it is also practiced by officials from the kingdom as king of Egypt called Pyrrhus, the Emperor Vespasian, Francis I of France and other French nobles to Charles X who also practice how to give suggestions to the patient's treatment.

The same thing happened in China. One of the pioneers of traditional Chinese medicine named Wong Thai teaches a method of healing by using a trance phenomena to his students. Meanwhile, a similar treatment was also carried out at India and was developed by the Hindu Vedas. healing done by focusing the attention of the patient to the organ or body part that is sick and who require treatment.

Hippocrates circa 400-377 BC also use hypnosis as a cure. Doctors of Greece's said by a person's illness is closely connected with the character and personality of the person. These diseases can be cured only by the imagination and visualization.

Of course, a variety of healing above is a matter that is identical with that full of hypnotic suggestion. It was only in 1500 AD, Paracelsus suggested a term and introduce the term healing to the public under the name of magnetism.

Magnetism is a method of treatment that works using magnetic media. In this way patients can eliminate the disease. And Paracelsus used this method to treat patients.

This method was later adopted by Mesmer. Therefore, the science of hypnosis at that time renamed again to Mesmerism. This is due to the growing and multiplying the followers of Mesmer. And it can not be separated from the bearing Mesmer itself in the field of hypnosis.

Then on subsequent development, precisely the 18th century, then the development of this science is gradually evolving towards more advanced and modern. Therefore, in the 18th century is touted as a milestone in the early emergence and development of modern hypnosis.

This modern hypnotic begins with the story of a Catholic priest named Gassner who reside in Klosters, east of Switzerland, has a theory has its own theory and so distinctive, that is, he said "someone sick is because hysterics". Therefore, in order to recover, the devil must is immediately expelled from the patient himself.

Gassner different from its predecessor which uses hypnosis for healing system that has the closed nature of the medical review, he even has an open nature. It does not preclude a person to assess methods. Even the doctors who want to observe the way of treatment, he was happy to let him.

Methods of treatment using hypnosis methods that do Gassner somewhat different from its predecessor, he does not treat his patients one by one, but he was treating his patients en masse, and simultaneously. By the way patients are asked to sit lined lengthwise, sepirti in Syaf row.

Once the patient is ready, Gassner not directly provide treatment to his patients, but there was an assistant who first gives a cerama as pendahul; unya. Which one it is when Gassner put sticks cross dibadan patient, then the patient will fall onto the floor and was unconscious. Even magic, this is really happening.

At the time the patient is unconscious, the patient was considered dead and Gassner began to incorporate suggestions into the patient that the devil has been expelled from the body of the patient, and when the patient was conscious, then he is considered to be reborn in a state of purity and terbebea of demonic influence.

Furthermore, in the 1770s, Mesmer including one doctor who often watch the action Gassner time of healing to the patient. This is what might make Mesmer also interested to follow, so that hypnosis is also used to cure patients using magnetic media. He also introduced his method of hypnosis in every healing does.

From a Mesmer is then spread kecara hypnotic active throughout the world. He also has an important role in the development and deployment of hypnosis. He introduced the hypnotic kebanyak area, like France, Belgium, and Switzerland. So do not be surprised if hereinafter referred to as Mesmerism hypnotic.

Then in the 18th century emerged James Braid a doctor and writer from the UK who perform in-depth study of Mesmerism. He study it from the standpoint of psychology and described in the form of a scientific framework. Hypnotic eventually be accepted as a method of treatment in the world of medicine in the UK at the time.

Because managed to popularize the term hypnosis to replace Magnetism and Mesmerism, James Braid finally called the father of hypnosis. Hypnotize then spread throughout the hemisphere and studied until today.

Today, hypnosis is not only used in healing and rituals alone. But more kebanyak aspects, one of them for a very riveting entertainment. Create a buddy who wants to deepen hypnosis, you should use it to increase knowledge and do not use it for something that could harm others.